Clinical questions to be addressed:Does the setting in which acute renal failure occurs matter?What is the best method of protecting the kidney from developing nephropathy after contrast administration?What is the role of volume repletion, type of volume administered, timing of volume replacement, and acetylcysteine?Why is the literature regarding use of acetlycysteine contradictory?Is fenoldapam an effective agent for decreasing the incidence of contrast nephropathy?What are the best strategies for limiting amphotericin nephrotoxicity?